Igitabo cyemewe: Gusudira ahantu hatagira ibyuma - Umutekano, Gukwirakwiza Parameter, no kugenzura ubuziranenge

Mu nganda zigezweho mu nganda, kurwanyaimashini zo gusudirani ibikoresho by'ingirakamaro mu guhuza ibyuma bitagira umwanda, bikoreshwa cyane mu nzego nk'imodoka, icyogajuru, ibikoresho byo mu rugo, hamwe no guhimba ibyuma. Bitewe no gushonga kwinshi, ubushyuhe buke bwumuriro, kurwanya amashanyarazi menshi, hamwe no kurwanya ruswa, ibyuma bidafite ingese bisaba inzira yo gusudira neza. Igenzura iryo ariryo ryose rishobora gutuma imbaraga zidasudira zidahagije, inenge ya okiside muri Heat - Zone yibasiwe (HAZ), kwiyongera kwangirika kwangirika kw’imiterere, cyangwa no kunanirwa ibikoresho ndetse n’umutekano.

Aka gatabo karerekana gahunda zingenzi zokubungabunga ibikoresho, imikorere isobanutse, no kurinda umutekano bigomba gukurikizwa cyane mugihe ukoresheje gusudira ahantu hifashishijwe ibyuma bitagira umwanda.

Imikorere yo gusudira ikibanza igena neza ituze no gusubiramo ubwiza bwa weld. Kubungabunga buri munsi gahunda nibisabwa kugirango tugere kubisubizo byiza.

1. Kugenzura Imashini za buri munsi n'umutekano w'amashanyarazi

• Kugenzura Imbaraga n'Ubutaka:Kugenzura buri munsi insinga z'amashanyarazi, imiyoboro y'amazi, hamwe no guhuza ubutaka ni itegeko kugirango barebe ko bidahwitse. Ni ngombwa gushimangira ko, nkigikoresho kinini - igikoresho kigezweho, gusudira neza gusudira bigomba kuba byizewe.
• Ikizamini cyo Kurwanya Kurwanya:Kwipimisha buri gihe (urugero, buri cyumweru cyangwa buri kwezi) byokwirinda ibikoresho ukoresheje megohmmeter. Ukurikije ibipimo byigihugu (nkurukurikirane rwa GB 15579), kurwanya insulasiyo hagati y’ibice bya voltage - hamwe n’uruzitiro ntibigomba kuba munsi ya $ 2.5 \\ inyandiko {M} \\ Omega $ nyuma y’ubushyuhe. Ibipimo byingenzi nibyingenzi mukurinda ihungabana ryamashanyarazi hamwe nimiyoboro ngufi.
• Hejuru - Umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi:Menya neza ko amashanyarazi akwiye kubungabungwa hagati y’ibintu byose byo hejuru - hamwe n’ibikoresho bikingira ibikoresho kugira ngo birinde imyanda iterwa no gusaza cyangwa kwangirika.

2. Ubuyobozi bwa Cooling Sisitemu: Urufunguzo rwubuziranenge bwa Weld

Ahantu ho gusudira ibyuma bidafite ingese mubisanzwe birimo imigezi myinshi, bitanga ubushyuhe bwinshi. Sisitemu yo gukonjesha neza ningirakamaro mukurinda electrode na transformateur.

• Kugenzura Ubushyuhe:Ubushyuhe bwinjira bwamazi akonje bugomba kugenzurwa cyane murwego rwa $ 5 ^ \\ umuzenguruko \\ inyandiko {C} $ kugeza $ 30 ^ \\ umuzenguruko \\ inyandiko {C} $ kugirango ukonje neza.
• Gukurikirana Ibisohoka:Kurikirana ubushyuhe bwasohotse bwamazi akonje, agomba kubikwa muri rusange $ 40 ^ \\ umuzenguruko \\ inyandiko {C} $. Ubwiyongere budasanzwe budasanzwe ni ikimenyetso cyambere cyo gukonjesha sisitemu yo guhagarika cyangwa umutwaro urenze.
• Igipimo cy’amazi n’ubuziranenge bw’amazi:Menya neza ko amazi akonje ahagije kandi ugenzure buri gihe ubwiza bwamazi kugirango wirinde igipimo cyangwa umwanda gufunga imirongo ikonje, byabangamira uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe.

3. Guhitamo Electrode no kuyifata neza: Ingwate itaziguye yubuziranenge

Electrode niyo yonyine ihuza ibikorwa, kandi imiterere yacyo igira ingaruka kuburyo butaziguye no gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe.

• Guhitamo Ibikoresho:Kubudozi bwo gusudira ibyuma, Chromium - Zirconium - Umuringa (Cr - Zr - Cu) ibikoresho bya electrode birasabwa. Ibi bikoresho bitanga amashanyarazi menshi (byemeza ko bigenda neza) hamwe nubukomere bukabije (kurwanya ubushyuhe - koroshya ubushyuhe no guhindura ibintu), bigatuma ihitamo neza kubwiza buhoraho.
• Kwambara bisanzwe:Impanuro ya electrode izambara kandi ihindure nyuma yo gusudira inshuro nyinshi. Ni ngombwa gukoresha umwambaro wa electrode wabugenewe kugirango uhore uhinduranya isonga, ugarura aho wahoze uhurira nuburyo bwa geometrike kugirango uburinganire bwuzuye.
• Ibipimo byo gusimbuza:Iyo diameter yahinduwe ya tip ya electrode irenze 20% ya diameter yumwimerere, electrode igomba guhita isimburwa. Kutabikora birashobora gutuma habaho ubucucike budahagije bitewe n’ahantu hanini ho guhurira, bikaviramo imbaraga zo gusudira.

Kurwanya cyane ibyuma bidafite ingese bivuze ko bishyuha vuba mugihe gikoreshwa, ariko ubushyuhe buke bwumuriro butuma ubushyuhe bugabanuka. Kubwibyo, ibipimo byiza byo gusudira ibyuma bidafite ingese bigomba gushingira kumahame shingiro ya "Kugenzura neza ibyinjira byinjira."

1. "Hejuru - Ibiriho, Bigufi - Igihe" (Ibisobanuro bikomeye) Ingamba
Ugereranije nicyuma cyoroheje, ingamba "Ikomeye" (Ikigezweho, Igihe gito) igomba gukoreshwa mugihe cyo gusudira ibyuma bidafite ingese:

• Ikigezweho: Umuyoboro wo gusudira ugomba kwiyongera 30% kugeza kuri 50% ugereranije nicyuma cyoroheje cyubugari bumwe. Umuyoboro muremure utuma weld nugget ikora mugihe gito cyane, igabanya ihererekanyabubasha kubintu bikikije.
• Igihe gito: Igihe cyo gusudira gihuye kigomba kuba kigufi cyane. Ibi bigenzura neza ubushyuhe bwuzuye bwinjiza, bikagabanya ubugari bwubushyuhe - Zone yibasiwe (HAZ), bityo bikarwanya kwandura kwangirika kw’imiterere (nko gukangurira $ 304 $ ibyuma bitagira umwanda) hamwe na okiside yo hejuru.
• Umuvuduko mwinshi: Imbaraga za electrode (igitutu) zigomba kongerwa 20% kugeza 30% ugereranije nicyuma cyoroheje. Umuvuduko mwinshi ufasha guhagarika imikoranire no guhuza neza kwirukana (spatter), mugihe nanone uhimba byihuse weld nugget nyuma yumuyaga ufunzwe kugirango wongere imbaraga zo gusudira.

Icyitonderwa: Imbonerahamwe yavuzwe haruguru itanga ibipimo byerekana $ 304 $ austenitis ibyuma bitagira umuyonga. Ibipimo nyabyo bisaba guhinduka binyuze mu gusudira ikizamini ukurikije ubwoko bwibikoresho nibikoresho byihariye.

2. Kwemeza inzira nibyiza - Guhuza

• Ikizamini cyo gusudira no kwangiza: Ikizamini cyo gusudirabigomba gukorwa igihe cyose icyiciro cyibikoresho, uburebure bwurupapuro, cyangwa kwambara electrode. Ikizamini cyangiza (nkibizamini bya peel cyangwa ibizamini bya tensile) bigomba gukoreshwa kugirango hamenyekane ko diameter ya weld nugget hamwe nimbaraga zo gukata byujuje ibisabwa.
• Isuzuma rigaragara:Suzuma ubuso bwahantu hasudutse kugirango uburinganire, ubujyakuzimu bwimbitse, hamwe nurwego rwa okiside. Ikibanza cyiza cyo gusudira kigomba kugira indentation imwe, kandi ubujyakuzimu ntibushobora kurenga $ 15% $ yubugari bwurupapuro. Okiside yumuhondo cyangwa ubururu iremewe, ariko okiside yumukara ikabije yerekana ubushyuhe bukabije.
• Parameter Nziza - Guhuza:Ukurikije ibisubizo byikizamini cyangiza, shyira imbere - guhuza imiyoboro yo gusudira (ifite ingaruka nini ku bunini bwa nugget), ikurikirwa nigihe cyo gusudira, hanyuma amaherezo ya electrode.

Igikorwa cyo gusudira ahantu harimo voltage nyinshi, umuyaga mwinshi, nicyuma cyicyuma, bisaba kubahiriza byimazeyo protocole yumutekano.

1. Ibisabwa Akazi Ibisabwa n'umutekano wumuriro

• Kurandura ibicanwa: Ibikoresho byose bishobora gutwikwa bigomba guhanagurwa kuri metero 5 za radiyo yumurimo wo gusudira, kandi ibikoresho bizimya umuriro bigomba kuboneka byoroshye.
• Sisitemu ya Ventilation: Gusudira ibyuma bidafite ingese (cyane cyane ibyuma bya austenitike bitagira ibyuma birimo chromium na nikel) bitanga umwotsi urimo chromium ya hexavalent na okiside ya nikel, ishyirwa mu rwego rwa kanseri. Ahantu ho gukorera hagomba kuba hashyizweho umwuka uhumeka cyangwa sisitemu yo gukuramo umwotsi kugirango harebwe niba kwibumbira hamwe ibintu bishobora guteza akaga mu kirere biri munsi y’akazi.
• Ububiko bwa gaz Cylinder: Oxygene, acetylene, hamwe nandi mashanyarazi ya gaze bigomba kubikwa ukundi, kure y’amasoko n’ubushyuhe, hubahirijwe amabwiriza y’umutekano.

2. Ibikoresho byawe bwite byo kurinda (PPE)

• Kurinda Amaso: Kwambara amadarubindi yumutekano cyangwa ingofero yo gusudira kugirango urinde amaso kutanyerera kandi urumuri rukomeye rwo gusudira.
• Kurinda umubiri: Kwambara flame - imyenda y'akazi idindiza hamwe na gants. Ikirangantego kiva mu cyuma cyo gusudira kirashyushye cyane, kandi imyenda isanzwe ntabwo itanga uburinzi buhagije.
• Kurinda Ubuhumekero: Ahantu hafunzwe hadahumeka neza cyangwa ahantu hafite imyuka myinshi, abashoramari bagomba kwambara ibikoresho byemewe byo guhumeka (nkubuhumekero bufite akayunguruzo ka P100).

3. Uburyo bwihutirwa no gukemura amakosa

• Guhagarika amashanyarazi ako kanya: Mugihe habaye ikintu kidasanzwe (urugero, ibikoresho byo kunywa itabi, urusaku rudasanzwe, amazi akonje), nyirubwite agomba guhita akanda buto yihutirwa cyangwa guhagarika umuriro w'amashanyarazi.
• Kubuza gukora ku gahato: Birabujijwe rwose gukora ibikorwa byo gusudira mugihe ibikoresho bidakwiriye cyangwa mugihe umutekano urenze cyangwa udakora neza.
• Gutanga raporo no gufata amajwi: Amakosa y'ibikoresho byose hamwe nibidasanzwe bigomba guhita bimenyeshwa umuyobozi wabigenewe kandi bikandikwa neza mugitabo cyo gufata neza ibikoresho.

Kohereza - kuvura gusudira ni ngombwa, kuko bigena niba ibicuruzwa bigumana imiterere yibanze yo kurwanya ruswa.

1. Kuvura Ubuso hamwe na Passivation

• Kurandura Oxide na Spatter: Ahantu hasudwa hagomba gusukurwa neza ibisigazwa bya spatter, slag, na oxyde.
• Gutoragura cyangwa Gutwara Passivation: Iyi ni intambwe ikomeye yo kugarura ruswa irwanya ibyuma bitagira umwanda. Igikorwa cyo gusudira cyangiza chromium - firime ya okiside ikungahaye (firime ya pasiporo) hejuru yicyuma. Binyuze mu gutoranya (kuvanaho ubushyuhe na oxyde) cyangwa passivation (kuvugurura chromium ihamye - firime ikungahaye kuri okiside hejuru), ibintu bishobora kwangirika kwangirika bishobora gukumira, bikarinda ingese.

2. Kugenzura ubuziranenge hamwe ninyandiko

• Kwipimisha Gusenya: Gukomeza gukora ibizamini bya tensile, ibizamini bya torque, cyangwa ibishishwa bya peel kugirango umenye imbaraga za mashini yikibanza gisudira cyujuje ibisabwa.
• Non - Kwipimisha Kurimbuka (NDT): Kubice byingenzi, kwipimisha ultrasonic cyangwa kwipimisha radiografi birashobora gukoreshwa mugusuzuma imbere imbere ya nugget ya weld kubintu bifite ubusembwa nko kwikinisha, kubishyiramo, cyangwa kubura guhuza.
• Ibyangombwa byujuje ubuziranenge: Gushiraho ibisobanuro birambuye byujuje ubuziranenge, harimo ibipimo byo gusudira, umubare w’ahantu ho gusudira, ibisubizo by’ibizamini byangiza, hamwe namakuru yabakoresha, kugirango umenye neza.

Kugira ngo ibyo bisabwa byinjizwe mu mikorere ya buri munsi, ibigo bigomba gushyiraho uburyo bunoze bwo kuyobora:

• Shiraho urutonde rwa buri munsi:Kora urutonde rusanzwe rukubiyemo amashanyarazi, gukonjesha, na electrode, bisaba ikimenyetso cya - kugirango kibyemeze.
• Kora Ububikoshingiro:Gushiraho ububiko bwemewe bwo gusudira ibyiciro bitandukanye (urugero, $ 304 $, $ 316 $) hamwe nubunini bwibyuma bitagira umwanda, hanyuma ubishyire muri gahunda yibikoresho kugirango ugabanye amakosa yabantu mumiterere.
• Tegura uburyo bwihuse bwo gutabara byihutirwa:Kora ibintu byoroshye, byoroshye - kugeza - gusobanukirwa ibishushanyo mbonera byihutirwa byatewe numuriro, impanuka y'amashanyarazi, kunanirwa kw'ibikoresho, nibindi byabaye.
• Kora amahugurwa asanzwe yumutekano:Tegura amahugurwa yumwuga byibuze buri mwaka ku ngaruka ziterwa n’umwotsi wo gusudira ibyuma, umutekano w’amashanyarazi, no gutabara byihutirwa.
• Komeza inyandiko zirambuye zo gufata neza:Andika ibikorwa byose byo kubungabunga, gusimbuza electrode, no guhindura ibipimo kugirango utange amakuru yamateka yo gusuzuma amakosa yibikoresho no kunoza imikorere.

Umwanzuro

Kugirango umenye neza ko ibyuma byo gusudira ibyuma bitagira umwanda bihora byujuje ubuziranenge - ubuziranenge, ni ngombwa gukomeza kutavuguruzanya imyifatire yumwuga kubijyanye no gufata neza ibikoresho, kugenzura neza ibipimo, no kubahiriza protocole yumutekano.

Binyuze mu kugenzura ibikoresho bitunganijwe, kubahiriza "Hejuru - Ibiriho, Bigufi - Igihe" ingamba zo kunoza ibipimo ngenderwaho, ingamba zo kurinda umutekano wuzuye, hamwe na post - kugenzura ubuziranenge, ababikora barashobora kugabanya cyane igipimo cy’inenge mu gihe barinda umutekano w’akazi. Gushyira mu bikorwa inzira zisanzwe hamwe n'amahugurwa ahoraho y'abakoresha ni garanti y'ibanze yerekana ko ishoramari ryawe ryo gusudira rizatanga umusaruro wizewe kandi rigakomeza ubusugire bwibikoresho bidafite ingese mubisabwa bitandukanye.

Menyesha nonaha